Assignment 2 (Chapter 3) IHS 1

1)      Discuss on the greenhouse effect and its consequences towards the environmental and globalization

          The greenhouse effect is the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour  and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.  These gases include carbon dioxide, emitted by fossil fuel burning and deforestation, and methane, released from rice paddies and landfill sites. The greenhouse effect is created by greenhouse gases. The consequences the greenhouse effect to environmental and globalization is most difficult to predicting because the natural processes that cause rain, hail and snow storms, increases in sea level and other expected effects of global warming are dependent on many different factors. It is also difficult to predict the size of the emissions of greenhouse gases in the coming decades, as this is determined to a great extent by political decisions and technological breakthroughs. The most issue cause by greenhouse effect is a climate change. This is because the climate change is a global issue and composition of the atmosphere which surrounds the planet is altering as a result of the emissions of tones of polluting gases, called greenhouse gases - GHGs) from industry, transportation, agriculture and consumer practices. With this thickening blanket of gases, the atmosphere is gradually warming. The entire planet will be affected by the climatic changes and impacts which are predicted example is increased droughts and floods, rising sea-levels, more extreme temperatures,  The effect that can be predict include more drought and more flooding When the weather gets warmer, evaporation from both land and sea increases. This can cause drought in areas of the world where the increased evaporation is not compensated for by more precipitation. In some regions of the world this will result in crop failure and famine especially in areas where temperatures are already high. The extra water vapour in the atmosphere will fall again as extra rain, which can cause flooding in other places in the world. The glaciers are shrinking rapidly at present. Ice appears to be melting faster than previously estimated. In areas that are dependent on melt water from mountain areas, this can cause drought and lack of domestic water supply. The extreme weather incidents also occur when the warmer climate is more heat waves, more violent rainfall and also an increase in the number and or severity of storms. The effect of rising sea level is rises because of melting ice and snow and because of the thermal expansion of the sea (water expands when warmed). Areas that are just above sea level now may become submerged. Coastal and shallow marine plants and animals will be affected, for example mangroves and coral reefs. The increase in standing water may allow more insects like mosquitoes and diseases spread by insects, such as Lyme’s disease.


2)   List down five (5) reason for the cause of ozone depletion
                                i.            Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
                               ii.            Halons
                              iii.            Methyl Chloroform
                              iv.            Carbon Tetrachloride
                               v.            Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

3)      Explain the process of acid rain. List down and discuss three (3) effect of acid rain toward the environmental

          Acid rain, form of air pollution in which airborne acids produced by electric utility plants and other sources fall to Earth in distant regions. The corrosive nature of acid rain causes widespread damage to the environment. The problem begins with the production of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, and from certain kinds of manufacturing. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants. These acid pollutants reach high into the atmosphere, travel with the wind for hundreds of miles, and eventually return to the ground by way of rain, snow, or fog, and as invisible “dry” forms. Acid rain leaches nutrients from soils, slows the growth of trees, and makes lakes uninhabitable for fish and other wildlife. In cities, acid pollutants corrode almost everything they touch, accelerating natural wear and tear on structures such as buildings and statues. Acids combine with other chemicals to form urban smog, which attacks the lungs, causing illness and premature deaths. The process that leads to acid rain begins with the burning of fossil fuels. Burning, or combustion, is a chemical reaction in which oxygen from the air combines with carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements in the substance being burned. The new compounds formed are gases called oxides. When sulfur and nitrogen are present in the fuel, their reaction with oxygen yields sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxide compounds. Once in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides undergo complex reactions with water vapor and other chemicals to yield sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants called nitrates and sulfates. The acid compounds are carried by air currents and the wind, sometimes over long distances. When clouds or fog form in acid-laden air, they too are acidic, and so is the rain or snow that falls from them. Acid pollutants also occur as dry particles and as gases, which may reach the ground without the help of water. When these “dry” acids are washed from ground surfaces by rain, they add to the acids in the rain itself to produce a still more corrosive solution. The combination of acid rain and dry acids is known as acid deposition.

Effect of the acid rain to environmental

1. Soil

In soil, acid rain dissolves and washes away nutrients needed by plants. It can also dissolve toxic substances, such as aluminium and mercury, which are naturally present in some soils, freeing these toxins to pollute water or to poison plants that absorb them. Some soils are quite alkaline and can neutralize acid deposition indefinitely or others, especially thin mountain soils derived from granite or gneiss, buffer acid only briefly.

2. Agriculture
Most farm crops are less affected by acid rain than are forests. The deep soils of many farm regions can absorb and neutralize large amounts of acid. Mountain farms are more at risk the thin soils in these higher elevations cannot neutralize so much acid. Farmers can prevent acid rain damage by monitoring the condition of the soil and, when necessary, adding crushed limestone to the soil to neutralize acid. If excessive amounts of nutrients have been leached out of the soil, farmers can replace them by adding nutrient-rich fertilizer.

3. Trees
By removing useful nutrients from the soil, acid rain slows the growth of plants, especially trees. It also attacks trees more directly by eating holes in the waxy coating of leaves and needles, causing brown dead spots. If many such spots form, a tree loses some of its ability to make food through photosynthesis. Also, organisms that cause disease can infect the tree through its injured leaves. Once weakened, trees are more vulnerable to other stresses, such as insect infestations, drought, and cold temperatures. Spruce and fir forests at higher elevations, where the trees literally touch the acid clouds, seem to be most at risk.

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